Academic Terminology Reference

Table of contents

Usage / Instructions for use
1. Deep Learning / Deep Learning
2. Time Series / Time Series
3. Industrial Control / Industrial Control
4. Cross-Domain Terms / Cross-Domain Terms
- 4.1 General Academic / General Academic
- 4.2 Data & Processing / Data & Processing
5. Usage Examples / Usage Examples
- ❌ Chinglish → ✅ Academic English
Notes / Notes

Academic terminology comparison list - deep learning, time series, industrial control field

Usage/Instructions for use

When translating Chinese academic text to English, refer to this terminology list to ensure:

Consistent terminology throughout the paper
Domain-appropriate expressions
Commonly accepted translations in the field

1. Deep Learning / Deep Learning

1.1 Basic Concepts/Basic Concepts

Chinese	English	Notes
deep learning	deep learning
neural network	neural network
convolutional neural network	convolutional neural network (CNN)
recurrent neural network	recurrent neural network (RNN)
long short term memory network	long short-term memory (LSTM)
gated loop unit	gated recurrent unit (GRU)
Transformer	Transformer	Keep the original text, capitalize the first letter
attention mechanism	attention mechanism
self-attention	self-attention
bullish attention	multi-head attention
feedforward neural network	feed-forward neural network
residual connection	residual connection / skip connection
layer normalization	layer normalization
batch normalization	batch normalization

Chinese	English	Notes
loss function	loss function
optimizer	optimizer
learning rate	learning rate
gradient descent	gradient descent
Backpropagation	backpropagation
overfitting	overfitting
Underfitting	underfitting
regularization	regularization
Dropout	dropout	lower case
Stop early	early stopping
weight decay	weight decay
batch size	batch size
Round/Cycle	epoch
convergence	convergence
gradient disappears	vanishing gradient
gradient explosion	exploding gradient

1.3 Model Architecture / Model Architecture

Chinese	English	Notes
encoder	encoder
decoder	decoder
embedding layer	embedding layer
Hidden layer	hidden layer
output layer	output layer
activation function	activation function
Pooling	pooling
Fully connected layer	fully connected layer / dense layer
Feature extraction	feature extraction
Feature fusion	feature fusion
multi-scale	multi-scale
end-to-end	end-to-end

2. Time Series / time series

2.1 Basic Concepts/Basic Concepts

Chinese	English	Notes
time series	time series
Time series data	temporal data / time-series data
time step	time step
sliding window	sliding window
Timestamp	timestamp
Sampling frequency	sampling frequency/sampling rate
Sampling interval	sampling interval

2.2 Analysis Methods / Analysis methods

Chinese	English	Notes
Time series prediction	time series forecasting
single step prediction	single-step prediction
multi-step forecast	multi-step prediction
long term forecast	long-term forecasting
short term forecast	short-term forecasting
trend	trend
Seasonal	seasonality
cyclical	periodicity/cyclicity
stationarity	stationarity
autocorrelation	autocorrelation
lag	lag
difference	differencing

2.3 Models/models

Chinese	English	Notes
autoregressive model	autoregressive model (AR)
moving average	moving average (MA)
autoregressive moving average	ARMA
Autoregressive integrated moving average	ARIMA
Exponential smoothing	exponential smoothing
Timing decomposition	time series decomposition
state space model	state space model
TimingTransformer	Temporal Transformer
Sequential convolutional network	temporal convolutional network (TCN)

2.4 Evaluation / evaluation indicators

Chinese	English	Notes
mean square error	mean squared error (MSE)
root mean square error	root mean squared error (RMSE)
mean absolute error	mean absolute error (MAE)
mean absolute percentage error	mean absolute percentage error (MAPE)
Symmetric mean absolute percentage error	symmetric MAPE (sMAPE)
coefficient of determination	coefficient of determination (R²)

3. Industrial Control / Industrial Control

3.1 Basic Concepts/Basic Concepts

Chinese	English	Notes
Industrial control system	industrial control system (ICS)
process control	process control
control loop	control loop
closed loop control	closed-loop control
open loop control	open-loop control
feedback control	feedback control
Feedforward control	feedforward control
set value	setpoint
process variables	process variable (PV)
control variables	control variable / manipulated variable (MV)
disturbance	disturbance

3.2 Control Methods/Control Methods

Chinese	English	Notes
PID control	PID control
Proportional control	proportional control
Integral control	integral control
Differential control	derivative control
model predictive control	model predictive control (MPC)
adaptive control	adaptive control
Robust control	robust control
optimal control	optimal control
Intelligent control	intelligent control

3.3 Industrial Systems / Industrial Systems

Chinese	English	Notes
programmable logic controller	programmable logic controller (PLC)
Distributed control system	distributed control system (DCS)
Monitoring and data collection	SCADA	Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
Human-computer interface	human-machine interface (HMI)
sensor	sensor
actuator	actuator
Frequency converter	variable frequency drive (VFD)

3.4 Fault & Anomaly / Fault and Anomaly

Chinese	English	Notes
fault detection	fault detection
Troubleshooting	fault diagnosis
Failure prediction	fault prediction / fault prognosis
Anomaly detection	anomaly detection
Predictive maintenance	predictive maintenance
remaining useful life	remaining useful life (RUL)
health status	health state / health condition
Degenerate	degradation
Call the police	alarm
threshold	threshold

3.5 Data Characteristics / Data Characteristics

Chinese	English	Notes
Industrial data	industrial data
sensor data	sensor data
multivariable	multivariate
High dimensional data	high-dimensional data
noise	noise
Missing values	missing values
Imbalanced data	imbalanced data
Label scarcity	label scarcity

4. Cross-Domain Terms/Cross-Domain Terms

4.1 General Academic / General Academic

Chinese	English	Notes
propose	propose/present
method	method/approach
frame	framework
Model	model
algorithm	algorithm
experiment	experiment
verify	validation/verification
Evaluate	evaluation/assessment
benchmark	baseline/benchmark
ablation experiment	ablation study
Comparative experiment	comparative experiment
case study	case study
generalization ability	generalization capability
Interpretability	interpretability / explainability
robustness	robustness
Scalability	scalability

4.2 Data & Processing / Data and Processing

Chinese	English	Notes
Dataset	dataset
training set	training set
Validation set	validation set
test set	test set
Data preprocessing	data preprocessing
data augmentation	data augmentation
normalization	normalization
standardization	standardization
feature engineering	feature engineering
Dimensionality reduction	dimensionality reduction

5. Usage Examples / Usage examples

❌ Chinglish → ✅ Academic English

Chinese original text	❌ Literal translation	✅ Academic expression
This article proposes a new method	This paper puts forward a new method	We propose a novel approach
achieved very good results	get good effect	achieves superior performance
Compared with traditional methods	Compared with traditional method	Compared with conventional methods
Experimental results show	Experiment result shows	Experimental results demonstrate that
of great significance	has important meaning	is of significant importance

Notes/notes

Use the full name when a term first appears, and abbreviate it later.
Proper nouns (such as Transformer, LSTM) remain in the original text
Adapt terminology usage to specific conference/journal requirements
This table can be expanded according to specific research directions